LERMA UMR8112

Star-forming regions present rich infrared and millimeter spectra emitted by the gas exposed to the feedback of young stars. This emission is increasingly used to study the star formation cycle in other galaxies, but results from a complex interplay of physical and chemical processes : chemistry in the gas and on grain surfaces, (de)excitation processes of the atoms and molecules, heating and cooling balance,... Its understanding thus requires detailed astrochemical models that include the couplings between these processes. In this talk, I will present several examples where new modeling approaches of specific processes and their couplings proved crucial to solve persistent observational riddles : from the driving role of UV irradiation in the dynamics of photodissociation regions (PDR) to the efficient reformation of molecular hydrogen in these regions.

Young massive clusters (YMCs) are usually accompanied by lower-mass clusters and unbound stars with a total mass equal to several tens times the mass of the YMC. If this was also true when globular clusters (GCs) formed, then their cosmic density implies that most star formation before redshift ~2 made a GC that lasted until today. Star-forming regions had to change after this time for the modern universe to be making very few YMCs. Here we consider the conditions needed for the formation of a ~10^6 Msun cluster. These include a star formation rate inside each independent region that exceeds ~1 Msun/yr to sample the cluster mass function up to such a high mass, and a star formation rate per unit area of Sigma_SFR ~ 1 Msun/kpc^2/yr to get the required high gas surface density from the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, and therefore the required high pressure from the weight of the gas. High pressures are implied by the virial theorem at cluster densities. The ratio of these two quantities gives the area of a GC-forming region, ~1 kpc^2, and the young stellar mass converted to a cloud mass gives the typical gas surface density of 500-1000 Msun/pc^2. Observations of star-forming clumps in young galaxies are consistent with these numbers, suggesting they formed today's GCs. Observations of the cluster cut-off mass in local galaxies agree with the maximum mass calculated from Sigma_SFR. Metal-poor stellar populations in local dwarf irregular galaxies confirm the dominant role of GC formation in building their young disks.